1. s,conn

2. traceroute

3.

def filterMap(f,g,x):
   y = []
   for xi in x:
      if f(xi):
         y.append(g(xi))
   return y

u = [5,-12,13,-8]
filterMap(lambda x: x > 0,lambda x: 2*x,u)  # [10,26]

4.


def addIfNew(x,y):
   if not y in x:
      return x+y
   return x

def uniq(w):
   return reduce(addIfNew,w)

x = 'abcabdec'  # char strings only
print uniq(x)  # 'abcde'